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Napoleon Marache (June 15, 1818 – May 11, 1875)〔Jeremy Gaige, ''Chess Personalia'', McFarland & Company, 1987, p. 267. ISBN 0-7864-2353-6.〕 was born in France and moved to the United States at about age 12. He learned the game of chess around 1844, and immediately became a devotee. He began composing chess problems and writing about chess the following year. In the mid-19th century, he was both one of America's first chess journalists and one of its leading players. In 1866, he published ''Marache's Manual of Chess'', which was one of the country's first books on chess, and also one of its first books on backgammon. He is perhaps best known today for losing a famous game to Paul Morphy. ==Early life; writing== Marache was born in Meaux, France in June 1818, three years to the month after his namesake Napoleon Bonaparte's final defeat at Waterloo. Marache moved to the United States at about age 12.〔According to one source, he immigrated at age 13. Charles A. Gilberg, ''The Fifth American Chess Congress'', New York, 1881, p. 46 (quoted by Edward Winter, (Chess Notes No. 4900 )). Another states that he came to the United States "in his 12th year". Philip W. Sergeant, ''Morphy's Games of Chess'', Dover Publications, 1957, p. 223. ISBN 0-486-20386-7.〕 He learned the game around 1844 and immediately became a serious student of the game.〔Charles A. Gilberg, ''The Fifth American Chess Congress'', New York, 1881, p. 46 (quoted in (Chess Notes No. 4900 )).〕 He learned so quickly that he was able, three weeks after his first lesson, to give his tutor rook odds.〔〔Irving Chernev, ''Wonders and Curiosities of Chess'', Dover Publications, 1974, p. 28. ISBN 0-486-23007-4.〕 In 1845, Marache began composing chess problems.〔(Profile of Napoleon Marache )〕 In 1846, he became the "first chess editor in America",〔Philip W. Sergeant, ''Morphy's Games of Chess'', Dover Publications, 1957, p. 223. ISBN 0-486-20386-7.〕〔"The first American chess magazine, ''The Chess Palladium'', was founded in 1846 under the editorship of Napoleon Marache ... but lasted only a few months." Arthur Bisguier and Andrew Soltis, ''American Chess Masters from Morphy to Fischer'', Macmillan, 1974, pp. 35-36. ISBN 0-02-511050-0.〕 publishing the periodical ''The Chess Palladium and Mathematical Sphinx''.〔Robert John McCrary (editor), ''The Hall-of-Fame History of U.S. Chess'', Volume 1, U.S. Chess Trust, c. 2005, p. 17.〕〔Jeremy P. Spinrad, (New Stories About Old Players: Chess Disputes ), ChessCafe.com. Retrieved on 2009-01-09.〕 At approximately the same time, Charles Stanley started another American chess periodical, ''The American Chess Magazine''.〔〔 The two publications feuded shamelessly, Stanley calling Marache's publication "a most ridiculous jumble of unintelligible nonsense" and "sixteen pages of soiled waste-paper".〔〔 Only three issues of ''The Chess Palladium and Mathematical Sphinx'' were published, dated October, November, and December 1846.〔David DeLucia, ''David DeLucia's Chess Library: A Few Old Friends'' (2nd ed. 2007), p. 123.〕 ''The American Chess Magazine'' ceased publication in 1847.〔〔〔DeLucia, p. 127.〕 At various times in the 1850s and 1860s, Marache was the chess editor or chess columnist for the ''New York Clipper'', ''Porter's Spirit of the Times'', and ''Wilkes' Spirit of the Times''.〔David Lawson, in his celebrated biography of Paul Morphy, refers to Marache as having been the Chess Editor of the ''New York Clipper'' (as of 1856), author of a chess column in ''Porter's Spirit of the Times'' (as of 1858), and the Chess Editor of ''Wilkes' Spirit of the Times'' (as of 1861 and 1865). David Lawson, ''The Pride and Sorrow of Chess'', David McKay, 1976, pp. 27, 119-20, 265, 283. ISBN 0-679-13044-6.〕〔In his 1866 book ''Marache's Manual of Chess'', Marache refers to himself as the "Chess Editor of 'Wilkes' Spirit of the Times.' " N. Marache, ''Marache's Manual of Chess'', Dick & Fitzgerald, 1866, at title page.〕 In 1865, Marache wrote the chess section for a new edition of Hoyle's guide to games.〔 Shortly after the end of the Civil War, Morphy traveled to New York to work on an annotated collection of his games, with Marache acting as secretary and Charles A. Gilberg working closely with Morphy.〔Lawson, p. 283.〕 Unfortunately, the book was never published, since prospective publishers "asked that he enrich the collection ... with new games", which Morphy refused to do.〔Lawson, p. 285.〕 In 1866, Marache published ''Marache's Manual of Chess'', one of the first chess books in the United States.〔N. Marache, ''Marache's Manual of Chess'', Dick & Fitzgerald, 1866.〕〔(Marache's Manual of Chess )〕 At the end of the book, Marache also gave the rules and discussed strategy for backgammon, Russian backgammon, and dominoes.〔Marache, pp. 129-56.〕 The book was also one of the earliest books on backgammon in the United States.〔See (List of Backgammon Books ).〕 It was still in print in 1928, the publisher's name having since been changed to "Fitzgerald Publishing Corporation", New York.〔Douglas A. Betts, ''Chess: An Annotated Bibliography of Works Published in the English Language 1850-1968'', Moravian Chess, 2005 (reprint of first edition, published by G. K. Hall and Co., 1974), p. 81.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Napoleon Marache」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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